Inner lining for pneumatic tires.



E. H. FAILE.

INNER LHMNG FDR PNEUMATIC DRES.

APPLICATION FILED NOV. 5. T915.

Patented June 18, 1918..

VVEDWAIRD,HALL OF LABCHMONT MANOR, NEW YQRK.

INNER LINING FOB PNEUMATIFC TIRES.

To ail whom t may concern Beit known'that I, EDWARD HALL FAILE, a citizen ofthe United States, and a resident of Larchmont Manor, in the county of Testchester and-State of New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Inner 'Linings for Pneumatic Tires, of which the following is a specification. I

This invention relates to certain improvements in inner-linings for pneumatic tires and has for its object the reduction or elimination of the large number of blow-outs and punctures which commonly occur in pneumatic tires as the latter are at present cony structed.

In the ordinary type of pneumatic tire,

\ there is employed an inner tube and an outer casing or shoe which latter is formed of a mass of rubber composition and one or more layers of canvas or other similar material. One of the chief functions ofthe rubber composition is to furnish the wearing surface of the tire, while the fabric furnishes the necessary strength to,resist the expanding force of the compressed gas' in the tube. The tube itself is elastic and when infiated presses against all portions of the inner surface of the casing.

' I have found from experience that a large percentage of the failures and collapse of pneumatic tiresare caused by what is known in the trade as either blow-outs or punctures. Blov, -outs are caused by the expansive force of the compressed gas in the inner tube being greaterthan'the resisting force of the shoe and inner tube, so thatthe shoe is ruptured and a port-ion of the innerl shoe caused by original defects in manufacture, wear, cuts, etc. If one particular part of one or more of the layers of fabric in the shoe is weaker than the remaining portion, due to original defects, cuts, wear, or other causes, the tendency will be for the adjacent layers 'of fabric to decrease in strength more l rapidly near the weak place than at other points. This is due to the 'fact that the bending or relative motion of'the parts of the tire during use will be greatest atthe weakest points, and, since the layers of fabz ric are bonded or held firmly Together, this -greater relative motion or bending, will .be l

This condition generally.

Specification of Letters Patent. Patented Jung 18, 1918 'application aiearuovember 5,1915. semi No. 59,763.

transmitted to all of the layers of the fabric I near the weak place and will eventually result in their more rapid decrease in strength and rupture than at other points. A cut or break in the composition itself, even though it does notextend in to a sufficient distance to expose the fabric, will permit the shoe to bend at this particular point more easily than at others, and thus the weakness in the fabric, due to repeated bending, will develop more rapidly than at other points.

Failures of tires, due to what is commonly known in the trade as punctures, are generally of two kinds. Thatis, they are veither due to holes being made in the inner tube by nails or other hard pieces of material being driven directly from the outside of the shoe and being of suiiicient length to extend from the outside surface of the shoe into the inner through the wall of the shoe andthe tube,.y

tube, or, by hard pieces of material being use of the tire and eventually making a hole in the inner tube.

It is primarily to prevent or Areduce the possibility of the above mentioned types of punctures and blow-outsthat. I have designed my improved inner-lining. My im'- proved inner-lining may be manufactured and sold as a separate article of manufacture and adapted to be placed within tires of various different makes already on the market, .or the'inner-lining may be, incorporatedii'in and sold as an integral part of a` particular tire. Various changes may be 'made in' 'the shape, size and materials employed without departing from the spirit of my invention and be within its scope as hereinaftr de'ned.

" Reference is to be had to the accompanying` drawings vin which similar reference characters indicate corresponding parts and `which show one construction embodying my invention In these drawings,

Figure l is a transverse section thro-ugh a portion of 'a pneumatic tire as commonly constructed and having my improved form of inner-lining in place and Fig. 2 is a longitudinal section on the line 2--2 of Fig. 1.

My improved inner-lining includes as essential features, both a layer of pliable and easily penetrable material containing voids and-air spaces, and a lining of tbugh, strong,

substantieliygnon-stretchable material which has @renier reuislnnce 'lo o ieru'ion, such b* z or in mince us: cinm. duck. or olner inzilili oi' he wheel 'in nu); suiahlo nninniu' whirh forum no portion oi my present inrention'. The shoe, lf also forms no poi-lion ol my invcnlion.

i y of ennvns or other suitable niznie'inl i d n muss rubber coinpofsii'ion in, the presenting, i'he *weuring surface :ind former giring che sii-nc "Hr reiinircil rength to resin? the oXpnnifling irc@ M lle,

' .in the inner tube.

Weakness to heinl more en ilj,Y lli-nn ier priiimiy and, dne ifo ''he incr thin' uli elements of die shoe are bonded izo rf u bending of nn@ incideni ily resul'cu 'o bending of nil oi The oiliei nl' liis fin my iinprornd cons Jpion7 (he piiu'nle lnjv'ci ifi unis to nrni'e or mice lie ongh, Siif'onpj hij-,for lf2" Afrom ihn shun sind 'llinS 'prevents heir being h .ier or acting n nni on. eiiher :is n rei of adhesion or the clipnnfiivo rufe in thc,

inner tube hol-lingA iin: ino tngrehcr. The result oi' thi@ meclnnncul nenfuziiion of ihn 'ironi The shoe i0 if; to provena or ion of 'flic layer 12b ne; compared nidi ihn .nhoe in v t the c' ve dimens@ ii of ih: kiffer 19h nfliici'i would ol'icrv. ,occur iii ho inffer i2 vor@ bonded io or in dircli winner with he iscl @ne of the nnftions of the lnjfei' l2 to zeuit ihe expnnnivc action oi" the comin-en( d gni; in hel inner tnhfn and Since excessive dee in slrenglli in ihn layer i9!) in prox Y o weak places in ihe shoe prciened presence of the. layer 1l, the layer hetier :dile io perform iin linnclion. inist novel combi. anion oi layers l ihuu if-iiw-nt nr greatly decrease iinA i'iossihiliiy of lulcwuiui.

previously Si'aicffh :i hir i: ctnrea ure mused lijf nails or nih; r lnnd objects. lining driven ihrough the ahoe i und ino lie inner iuhe i3 und exending' he outside surface oi the Shoe info die inner inne, l hure found 'ions experience lni the haird objects causing nuncinren of 'from ily neneirnhle nuitei'iul :ind-inside of' e shoe is, nfiunilj; maar; u'i of one or more onded `this ci .mid hus to prevent' the ,nurioriiy ol' thin ch o1Y unciurvs. duc lo ille 'fin-, ihm most o2 llie, hnrd oliiecb driven inio me .shoc ure noi; long enough in extend through the hiyerny 11b and l2 and lhe inner tube lll,

l have shown n nuil or inch' 2B oi :i nino and length which causes many puncture it will ne noted that the poin would ex'cnd inwardly beyond the inner 'Lnoe il: the luyer` il :1nd '12 were not employed, lint with them, -he inner tube is spaced :i nnli'cient disinnce, to prevent the point. ol thc object from reaching the inner tube. i

A Second class of punctures nre caused hy small hard objects, such Yfor inslunce :is Sinn-li piecef: of glass, which nre picked up v the tire during use und. griiduully work ir wir? through the sho@ und inner-lube. lilith in v improved inner-lining. these small hard objects muy work their wziy, through the Shoe l0 und iniLo the luyr ll, lun. nre, unable, i0 work heir Wn.y from lhe so'iii pliable, easily nent-,Hated layer il into iho i'ough )enetruiion-rnsisiing layer if'. This i diie, to lic :inet that the layer il 'from iis nature. does not provide sui'licient hacking to lhsV huid `oliiecta for ihcni 'io force iheir way ini@ ihn penetraiion-resisting lujver 12 and thus they nro prevented Vfrom puncturm5` or making n hole in the. innQr-iuiw 1.2").

i hard objects which glei. into theA can work their n'uy n'noin'; under A1e. rolling and bending; :iciion oi" the [im ii vuse nioro easily in this layer., flue in iis quality of loeing` emily penetinhhf man Lhey cnn work their wir inio the ongrh, strong, penetrntion-resiiing layer ib. These ln'xid objects therefore ren'inin in i'he layer il without causing any dnnnigje lo 'the innerA 'who ln ihn drnwings, lA have, illust filed such in object 2l, which has worked iis wry through the shoe, but stops in i'he soft lujvcr wiiiou lirnrelinn the remainingv ciiia'runce necessary io reuch they inneitnhe :ind puni inro l'ho ini/Uhr. My improved inner-lining liereforo preventn ihis Socond chuis of punc- 'lnres il. of course evideni; that tho layer il" Should be of such hicknes un will he 'that its opposite edges would overlap. Similarly I have shown the layer 111 Iextending o nly to the points 18 and 19 and thus of less circumference than the layer 12b. It wouldv not depart from the spirit of my invention if the layer 11h were extended around the complete circumference and the edges abutted together or if they were. still further extended and the edges overlapped. In ordinary practice, it is not necessary to extend the separate' layers of the inner-lining further than is shown in Fig. 2, as most ofthe punctures and blow-outs occur along the outer peripheral portion of the'tire where I place the central layers.

As previously noted, my improved innerlining made up of two layers may be either manufactured and sold as an article of man ufacture and installed by the purchaser or may beincorporated in thetire at the time lthe latter-is manufactured. All portions of the outer surface of the inner-lining may be coated with some sticky or adhesive substance in order that the inner-lining will adhere to the inner surface of the shoe and thus be held in place. This will tend to prevent creeping or shifting of the inner-lining in the shoe during the use 'of the tire and will'prevent the inner-lining from interfering with the removal or insertion of the inner-tube. The fact that all or a part of the outer surface of the lining may more or less adhere to the inner surface of the shoe, does not prevent the easily penetrable pliable portion 11b from performing its function of separating the inner layer 12b from the shoe and preventing the .formation of a rigid bond therebetween, particularly along the peripheral portion of the tire where:wear and liability to rupture is greatest.

As heretofore noted, the layer 11b might be of suitable rubber composition containing voids or air spaces. The essential features of this lining are that it shall have appreciable thickness, shall be' pliable and easily penetrable, and shall not provide sufficient backing to allow small hard objects to work 4 their way thro'ugh the innermost layer 12".

The soft layer llbshown as molded with air spaces therein to increase its pliability and to decrease its resistance to penetration,

of in other words, to decrease the backing or resistance which it might otherwise offer tosmall hard objects working their waythrough vthe shoe and thus to prevent their working their Way through the inner layer 12b. Molding or constructing the inner layer 11b with air spaces is necessary when itis made of ordinary rubber or rubber composition, particularly if the layers 11b and 12b are bonded together, and may be resorted portion of these lining to as a means of increasing the previously mentioned desirable characteristics of the particular material of which this layer is formed, but the air spaces are not neces-l sarily an essential feature unless the material composingthis layer would not otherwise have the required characteristics in suiicient degree to enable it toproperlyperform its functions.

The result obtained by making the layer of the inner-lining nextl tothe shoe of an 'easily penetrablev material ,is to make this layer. act as a retainer for the small hard objects which may get into it. The air spacesillustrated in the layer 11b also `.may act as retainersfor small hard objects and therefore perform an equivalent function to I the material' of this layer being made of an 'easily penetrable material. They, therefore,

, tion of the layer 12b is shown as covered by aps of fabric or other material 29 and 30 y which may be a part of orattached to the shoe proper. The object of the flaps 29 and 30 is to assist in holding the inner-lining in place and to cover over the lower edges of l the layer 12b. The layer'l21, not being attached to the shoe or the flaps, is free to move to compensate for any change in the size of the shoe or the proportion of the layer 11". The construction shown in Figs. 5 and 6 constitutes only one means which may be employed for incorporating my imits proved inner-lining as an integral part of the shoe and therefore I do not wish to` be limited to the specific design illustrated.

- Other methods will readily suggest themselves to a person skilled in the art of designing or manufacturing tires.

It will be noted that the inner-lining does not have its lower edges joined together, or in other words, it does not form an inclosed tube. This is very essential in that it provides an opening for the insertion and removal of the inner-tube. It also allows the layer 12", which is not rigidly attached to' the shoe, to expand around an increasing circumference 'as the-tire is inflated, or enlarges through use, or the easily penetrable layer 11b compresses. If it is desired to rigidly attach the lower edges or portions of the layer 12b to the shoe, provision for expansion around an increasing circumference may be made by a fold4 in the layer, or by other equivalent means. The layers are thus enabled to come to a proper bearing and to take their proper share of strain as they automatically compensate for varying d- Shea, but i@ tires hloub` Yy peneru '2a Myer, an dtmls it vnfmld be :'ubjec st 'ain and possible mp1 u sive 'Esme of ih@ in su grvm; io other o dltflons such tas gfeat mueruung to weep, du@

in the Constlctmns he To is of course evcen, 'that might be a. composita struc' have 'the innef :md su e? p0? the raqui'e ferejv C instance, it. mi jht *he *w*- lmf ha carpet with zng' 0D thea SMQ. www of the, shoe5 Wou per of the pape Qnsv Qne and he baci; oa a P form 'the fum" ventole increasing the ibis@ in Order to Spam,

Lun

` n -W Y he ,Y s K .ma resulting nereasei .Jimit Ling Canvas shoe under the ending a ne inner inbeuse. 1

The introaueon on m casgy- Myer between the Shoa' permits Some [Je three with the 'fesult thi not, sti or frigid ns i il'. mass.

layer of tough,l strong, substantially nonstretchab1e,' penetration-resisting material between saidrst mentioned layer and said,

inner tube, the first mentioned layer serving to permit relative bending movement of the casing and said second mentioned layer, the voids or air-spaces serving to' make said first mentioned layer more pliable and also serving to receive and retain small hard objects which may Work their way through the casing, said rst mentioned layer also serving to space the inner tube at a greater distance from the wearing surface of the tire, the A opposite side edges of said second mentioned layer being unattached to each other or to 15 the shoe, whereby said second mentioned layer may move in respect to the casing and assist in resistingthe expansive force of the compressed gas in the inner tube.

rSlgned at New York, in the county of 20 New York, and State of New York, this 3d day of November, A. D. 1915. l

EDWARD HALL FAILE. Witnesses: C. W. FAIRBANK, FLORENCE LEVEN. 

